Training-based channel estimation for multiple-antennas

ABSTRACT

The burden of designing multiple training sequences for systems having multiple transmit antennas, is drastically reduced by employing a single sequence from which the necessary multiple sequences are developed. The single sequence is selected to create sequences that have an impulse-like autocorrelation function and zero cross correlations. A sequence of any desired length N t  can be realized for an arbitrary number of channel taps, L. The created sequences can be restricted to a standard constellation (that is used in transmitting information symbols) so that a common constellation mapper is used for both the information signals and the training sequence. In some applications a a training sequence may be selected so that it is encoded with the same encoder that is used for encoding information symbols. Both block and trellis coding is possible in embodiments that employ this approach.

RELATED APPLICATION

This application is a reissue of U.S. Pat. No. 7,746,945, which patentwas filed Jul. 27, 2005 as application Ser. No. 11/190,403, which is acontinuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/956,648, filed Sep.20, 2001, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,959,047. This invention also claimspriority from, which claims benefit under 35 U.S.C. §119(e) ofprovisional application No. 60/282,647, filed Apr. 9, 2001.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

This relates to space-time coding, and more particularly, to channelestimation in space-time coding arrangements.

Space-Time coding (STC) is a powerful wireless transmission technologythat enables joint optimized designs of modulation, coding, and transmitdiversity modules on wireless links. A key feature of STC is thatchannel knowledge is not required at the transmitter. While severalnon-coherent STC schemes have been invented that also do not requirechannel information at the receiver, they suffer performance penaltiesrelative to coherent techniques. Such non-coherent techniques aretherefore more suitable for rapidly fading channels that experiencesignificant variation with the transmission block. However, for quasistatic or slowly varying fading channels, training-based channelestimation at the receiver is commonly employed, because it offersbetter performance.

For single transmit antenna situations, it is known that a trainingsequence can be constructed that achieves a channel estimation withminimum mean squared error (optimal sequences) by selecting symbols froman N^(th) root-of-unit alphabet of symbols e^(i2πk/N), k=0, 1, 2, . . .(N−1), when the alphabet size N is not constrained. Such sequences arethe Perfect Roots-of-Unity Sequences (PRUS) that have been proposed inthe literature, for example, by W. H. Mow, “Sequence Design for SpreadSpectrum,” The Chinese University Press, Chinese University of HongKong, 1995. The training sequence length, N_(t), determines the smallestpossible alphabet size. Indeed, it has been shown that for any givenlength N_(t), there exists a PRUS with alphabet size N=2 N_(t), and thatfor some values of N_(t) smaller alphabet sizes are possible. It followsthat a PRUS of a predetermined length might employ a constellation thatis other than a “standard” constellation, where a “standard”constellation is one that has a power of 2 number of symbols. Binaryphase shift keying (BPSK), quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK), and8-point phase shift keying (8-PSK) are examples of a standardconstellation. Most, if not all, STC systems employ standardconstellations for the transmission of information.

Another known approach for creating training sequences constrains thetraining sequence symbols to a specific (standard) constellation,typically, BPSK, QPSK, or 8-PSK in order that the transmitter andreceiver implementations would be simpler (a single mapper in thetransmitter and an inverse mapper in the receiver—rather than two). Insuch a case, however, optimal sequences do not exist for all traininglengths N_(t). Instead, exhaustive searches must be carried out toidentify sub-optimal sequences according to some performance criteria.Alas, such searches may be computationally prohibitive. For example, inthe third generation TDMA proposal that is considered by the industry,8-PSK constellation symbols are transmitted in a block that includes 116information symbols, and 26 training symbols (N_(t)=26). No optimaltraining sequence exists for this value of N_(t) and constellation sizeand number of channel taps to estimate, L.

When, for example, two transmit antennas are employed, a trainingsequence is needed for each antenna, and ideally, the sequences shouldbe uncorrelated. One known way to arrive at such sequences is through anexhaustive search in the sequences space. This space can be quite large.For example, when employing two antennas, and a training sequence of 26symbols for each antenna, this space contains 8^(2×26) sequences. Forcurrent computational technology, this is a prohibitively large spacefor exhaustive searching. Reducing the constellation of the trainingsequence to BPSK (from 8-PSK) reduces the search to 2^(2×26) sequences,but that is still quite prohibitively large; and the reduction to a BPSKsequence would increase the achievable mean squared error. Moreover,once the two uncorrelated sequences are found, a generator is necessaryfor each of the sequences, resulting in an arrangement (for a twoantenna case) as shown in FIG. 1, which includes transmitter 10 thatincludes information encoder 13 that feeds constellation mapper 14 thatdrives antennas 11 and 12 via switches 15 and 16. To provide trainingsequences, transmitter 10 includes sequence generator 5 followed byconstellation mapper 6 that feeds antenna 11 via switch 15, and sequencegenerator 7 followed by constellation mapper 8 that feeds antenna 12 viaswitch 16.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

As advance in the art is achieved with an approach that drasticallyreduces the problem of designing multiple training sequences for systemshaving multiple transmit antennas, by employing a single sequence fromwhich the necessary multiple sequences are developed. The singlesequence is selected to develop the multiple sequences that haveimpulse-like autocorrelation functions and zero cross correlations. Asequence of any desired length N_(t) can be realized for an arbitrarynumber of channel taps, L.

In one approach, a sequence having an impulse-like autocorrelationfunction is restricted advantageously to a standard constellation (thatis used in transmitting information symbols) so a common constellationmapper is used for both the information signals and the trainingsequence.

In another approach, a training sequence is selected so that it isencoded with the same encoder that is used for encoding informationsymbols. Both block and trellis coding is possible in embodiments thatemploy this approach.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING

FIG. 1 shows a prior art arrangement of a two-antenna transmitter and aone antenna receiver, where training sequences are independentlygenerated for the two transmitting antennas;

FIG. 2 shows an arrangement where the training sequences employ the sameconstellation mapper that is employed in mapping space-time encodedinformation symbols;

FIG. 3 presents a block diagram of an arrangement where a single encodergenerates the training sequences for the two transmitter antennas;

FIG. 4 shows one encoding realization for encoder 9 of FIG. 3;

FIG. 5 shows another encoding realization for encoder 9 of FIG. 3;

FIG. 6 presents a block diagram of an arrangement where a single encodergenerates both the training sequences and the information symbols forthe two transmitter antennas;

FIG. 7 shows one encoding realization for encoder 9 of FIG. 6;

FIG. 8 shows another encoding realization for encoder 9 of FIG. 6;

FIG. 9 shows yet another encoding realization for encoder 9 of FIG. 6;and

FIG. 10 shows the constellation of an 8-PSK encoder realization forencoder 9.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The following mathematical development focuses on a system having twotransmit antennas and one receive antenna. It should be understood,however, that a skilled artisan could easily extend this mathematicaldevelopment to more than two transmit antennas, and to more than onereceive antenna.

FIG. 2 shows an arrangement a transmitter with two transmit antennas 11and 12 that transmits signals s₁ and s₂, respectively, and a receiverwith receive antenna 21, and channels h₁ (from antenna 11 to antenna 21)and h₂ (from antenna 12 to antenna 21) therebetween. Channels h₁ and h₂can be expressed as a finite impulse response (FIR) filter with L taps.Thus, the signal received at antenna 21 at time k, y(k), can beexpressed as

$\begin{matrix}{{y(k)} = {{\sum\limits_{i = 0}^{L - 1}\;{{h_{1}(i)}{s_{1}\left( {k - i} \right)}}} + {\sum\limits_{i = 0}^{L - 1}\;{{h_{2}(i)}{s_{2}\left( {k - i} \right)}}} + {z(k)}}} & (1)\end{matrix}$where z(k) is noise, which is assumed to be AWGN (additive whiteGaussian noise).

The inputs sequences s₁ and s₂ belong to a finite signals constellationand can be assumed, without loss of generality, that they aretransmitted in data blocks that consist of N_(i) information symbols andN_(t) training symbols. If N_(t) training symbols are employed toestimate the L taps of a channel in the case of a single antenna, thenfor a two antenna case such as shown in FIG. 1, one needs to employ2N_(t) training symbols to estimate the 2L unknown coefficients (of h₁and h₂).

When a training sequence of length N_(t) is transmitted, the first Lreceived signals are corrupted by the preceding symbols. Therefore, theuseful portion of the transmitted N_(t) sequence is from L to N_(t).Expressing equation (2) in matrix notation over the useful portion of atransmitted training sequence yields

$\begin{matrix}{{y = {{{Sh} + z} = {{\left\lbrack {{S_{1}\left( {L,N_{t}} \right)}{S_{2}\left( {L,N_{t}} \right)}} \right\rbrack\begin{bmatrix}{h_{1}(L)} \\{h_{2}(L)}\end{bmatrix}} + z}}},} & (2)\end{matrix}$where y and z are vectors with (N_(t)−L+1) elements, S₁(L,N_(t)) andS₂(L,N_(t)) are convolution matrices of dimension (N_(t)−L+1)×L, andh₁(L) and h₂(L) are of dimension L×1; that is,

$\begin{matrix}{{{S_{i}\left( {L,N_{t}} \right)} = \begin{bmatrix}{s_{i}\left( {L - 1} \right)} & {s_{i}\left( {L - 2} \right)} & \cdots & {s_{i}(0)} \\{s_{i}(L)} & {s_{i}\left( {L - 1} \right)} & \cdots & {s_{i}(1)} \\\vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\{s_{i}\left( {N_{t} - 1} \right)} & {s_{i}\left( {N_{t} - 2} \right)} & \cdots & {s_{i}\left( {N_{t} - L} \right)}\end{bmatrix}},{and}} & (3) \\{{{h_{i}(L)} = {{\begin{bmatrix}{h_{i}(0)} \\{h_{i}(1)} \\\vdots \\{h_{i}\left( {L - 1} \right)}\end{bmatrix}{for}\mspace{14mu} i} = 1}},2.} & (4)\end{matrix}$If the convolution matrix is to have at least L rows, N_(t) must be atleast 2L−1. In the context of this disclosure, the S matrix is termedthe “training matrix” and, as indicated above, it is a convolutionmatrix that relates to signals received from solely in response totraining sequence symbols; i.e., not corrupted by signals sent prior tothe sending of the training sequence.

The linear least squared channel estimates, ĥ, assuming S has fullcolumn rank, is

$\begin{matrix}{{\hat{h} = {\begin{bmatrix}{\hat{h}}_{1} \\{\hat{h}}_{2}\end{bmatrix} = {\left( {S^{H}S} \right)^{- 1}S^{H}y}}},} & (5)\end{matrix}$where the (●)H and (●)⁻¹ designate the complex-conjugate transpose(Hermitian) and the inverse, respectively. For zero mean noise, thechannel estimation mean squared error is defined by

$\begin{matrix}{{{MSE} = {{E\left\lbrack {\left( {h - \hat{h}} \right)^{H}\left( {h - \hat{h}} \right)} \right\rbrack} = {2\sigma^{2}{{tr}\left( \left( {S^{H}S} \right)^{- 1} \right)}}}},} & (6)\end{matrix}$where tr(.) denotes a trace of a matrix. The minimum MSE, MMSE, is equalto

$\begin{matrix}{{{MMSE} = \frac{2\sigma^{2}L}{\left( {N_{t} - L + 1} \right)}},} & (7)\end{matrix}$which is achieved if and only if

$\begin{matrix}{{S^{H}S} = {\begin{bmatrix}{S_{1}^{H}S_{1}} & {S_{2}^{H}S_{1}} \\{S_{1}^{H}S_{2}} & {S_{2}^{H}S_{2}}\end{bmatrix} = {\left( {N_{t} - L + 1} \right)I_{2L}}}} & (8)\end{matrix}$where I_(2L) is the 2L×2L identity matrix. The sequences s₁ and s₂ thatsatisfy equation (8) are optimal sequences. Equation (8) effectivelystates that the optimal sequences have an impulse-like autocorrelationfunction (e.g. S₁ ^(H)S corresponds to the identity matrix, I,multiplied by a scalar) and zero cross-correlations.

A straightforward approach for designing two training sequences oflength N_(t) each is to estimates two L-taps channels (i.e., twochannels having L unknowns each, or a total of 2L unknowns) is to designa single training sequence s of length N_(t)′ (N_(t)′=N_(t)+L) thatestimates a single channel with L′=2L taps (i.e., a single channelhaving 2L unknowns). Generalizing, N_(t)′=N_(t)+(n−2)L, where n is thenumber of antennas. One can thus view the received signal asy=S(L′,N_(t)′)h(L′)+z   (9)where S is a convolution matrix of dimension (N_(t)′−L′+1)×L′. Again,for optimality, the imposed requirement is that

$\begin{matrix}{{{{S^{H}\left( {L^{\prime},N_{t}^{\prime}} \right)}{S\left( {L^{\prime},N_{t}^{\prime}} \right)}} = {\left( {N_{t}^{\prime} - L^{\prime} + 1} \right)I_{2L}}},} & (10)\end{matrix}$and once the sequence s is found, the task is to create the subsequencess₁ and s₂ from the found sequence s. Preferably, the subsequences s₁ ands₂ can be algorithmically generated from sequence s. Conversely, one mayfind subsequences s₁ and s₂ that satisfy the requirements of equation(8) and be such that sequence s can be algorithmically generated. Thispermits the use of a single training signal generator that, through apredetermined algorithm (i.e., coding) develops the subsequences s₁ ands₂. Both approaches lead to embodiment depicted in FIG. 3, whereinformation signals are applied to encoder 13 that generates two streamsof symbols that are applied to constellation mapper 14 via switches 15and 16. Generator 5 creates a training sequence that is applied toencoder 9, and encoder 9 generates the subsequences s₁ and s₂ that areapplied to constellation mapper 14 via switches 15 and 16.

Actually, once we realized that the complexity of the training sequencedetermination problem can be reduced by focusing on the creation of asingle sequence from which a plurality of sequences that meet therequirements of equation (8) can be generated, it became apparent thatthere is no requirement for s to be longer than s₁ and s₂.

FIG. 4 presents one approach for generating optimal subsequences s₁ ands₂ that meet the requirements of equation (8) and that can be generatedfrom a single sequence. In accordance with FIG. 4, generator 5 developsa sequence s of length N_(t)/2, and encoder 9 develops therefrom thesequences s₁=−s|s and s₂=s|s, where the “|” symbol stands forconcatenation; e.g., sequence s₁ comprises sequence −s concatenatedwith, or followed by, sequence s. Thus, during the training sequence,antenna 11 transmits the sequence −s during the first N_(t)/2 timeperiods, and the sequence s during the last N_(t)/2 time periods.Antenna 12 transmits the sequence s during both the first and lastN_(t)/2 time periods.

In response to the training sequences transmitted by antennas 11 and 12,receiving antenna 21 develops the signal vector y (where the elements ofthe vector y are the signals received from antennas 11 and 12).Considering the received signal during the first N_(t)/2 time periods asy₁ and during the last N_(t)/2 time periods as y₂, and employing onlythe useful portion of the signal (that is, the portions not corrupted bysignals that are not part of the training sequence) one gets

$\begin{matrix}{\begin{bmatrix}y_{1} \\y_{2}\end{bmatrix} = {{\begin{bmatrix}{- S} & S \\S & S\end{bmatrix}\begin{bmatrix}h_{1} \\h_{2}\end{bmatrix}} + \begin{bmatrix}z_{1} \\z_{2}\end{bmatrix}}} & (11)\end{matrix}$where S is a convolution matrix of dimension (N_(t)−L+1)×L. Inaccordance with the principles disclosed herein, the FIG. 3 receivermultiplies the received signal in processor 25 with the transposeconjugate matrix S^(H), yielding

$\begin{matrix}{\begin{bmatrix}r_{1} \\r_{2}\end{bmatrix} = {{\begin{bmatrix}{- S^{H}} & S^{H} \\S^{H} & S^{H}\end{bmatrix}\begin{bmatrix}y_{1} \\y_{2}\end{bmatrix}} = {{\begin{bmatrix}{2S^{H}S} & 0 \\0 & {2S^{H}S}\end{bmatrix}\begin{bmatrix}h_{1} \\h_{2}\end{bmatrix}} + \begin{bmatrix}{\overset{\_}{z}}_{1} \\{\overset{\_}{z}}_{2}\end{bmatrix}}}} & (12) \\{where} & \; \\{\begin{bmatrix}{\overset{\_}{z}}_{1} \\{\overset{\_}{z}}_{2}\end{bmatrix} = {{\begin{bmatrix}{- S^{H}} & S^{H} \\S^{H} & S^{H}\end{bmatrix}\begin{bmatrix}z_{1} \\z_{2}\end{bmatrix}}.}} & (13)\end{matrix}$If the sequence s is such that S^(H)S=(N_(t)−L+1)I_(L), then

$\begin{matrix}{\begin{bmatrix}r_{1} \\r_{2}\end{bmatrix} = {{2{\left( {N_{t} - L + 1} \right)\begin{bmatrix}h_{1} \\h_{2}\end{bmatrix}}} + {\left\lbrack \begin{bmatrix}{\overset{\_}{z}}_{1} \\{\overset{\_}{z}}_{2}\end{bmatrix} \right\rbrack.}}} & (14)\end{matrix}$If the noise is white, then the linear processing at the receiver doesnot color it, and the channel transfer functions correspond to

$\begin{matrix}{h_{1} = {1\text{/}2\left( {N_{t} - L + 1} \right)r_{1}}} & \; \\{h_{2} = {1\text{/}2\left( {N_{t} - L + 1} \right){r_{2}.}}} & (15)\end{matrix}$with a minimum squared error, MSE, that achieves the lower boundexpressed in equation (7); to wit,

$\begin{matrix}{{MSE} = \frac{2\sigma^{2}L}{\left( {N_{t} - L + 1} \right)}} & (16)\end{matrix}$

The above result can be generalized to allow any matrix U to be used toencode the training sequence, s, so that

$\begin{matrix}{\begin{bmatrix}y_{1} \\y_{2}\end{bmatrix} = {{U\begin{bmatrix}h_{1} \\h_{2}\end{bmatrix}} + \begin{bmatrix}z_{1} \\z_{2}\end{bmatrix}}} & (17)\end{matrix}$as long as U^(H)U=2I for a two antennas case, and U^(H)U=KI for an Kantenna case.

Whereas FIG. 4 presents a method for developing sequences s₁ and s₂ oflength N_(t) from a sequence s that is N_(t)/2 symbols long, FIG. 5presents a method for developing sequences s₁ and s₂ of length N_(t)from a sequence s that is 2N_(t) symbols long, which consists of asequence d₁=[s(0) s(1) . . . s(N_(t)−1)] followed by a sequence d₂=[s(0)s(1) . . . s(N_(t)−1)]. In accordance with this approach, s₁=d₁|−{tildeover (d)}₂* and s₂=d₂|{tilde over (d)}₁*. The sequence {tilde over (d)}₁corresponds to the sequence d₁ with its elements in reverse order. Thesymbol {tilde over (d)}₁* operation corresponds to the sequence d₁ withits elements in reverse order and converted to their respective complexconjugates.

The FIG. 5 encoding is very similar to the encoding scheme disclosed byAlamouti in U.S. Pat. No. 6,185,258, issued Feb. 6, 2001, except that(a) the Alamouti scheme is symbols-centric whereas the FIG. 5 encodingis sequence-centric, and (b) the Alamouti scheme does not have theconcept of a reverse order of a sequence (e.g., {tilde over (d)}₁*). Seealso E. Lindskog and A. Paulraj titled “A Transmit Diversity Scheme forChannels With Intersymbol Interference,” ICC, 1:307-311, 2000. Anencoder 9 that is created for developing training sequences s₁ and s₂ inaccordance with FIG. 5, can be constructed with a control terminal thatis set to 1 during transmission of information and set to another value(e.g., 0, or to N_(t) to indicate the length of the generated block)during transmission of the training sequence, leading to the simplifiedtransmitter realization shown in FIG. 6. More importantly, such anarrangement leads to a simplified receiver because essentially the samedecoder is used for both the information signals and the trainingsignals.

With a signal arrangement as shown in FIG. 5, the signal captured atantenna 21 of receiver 20 is

$\begin{matrix}{\begin{bmatrix}y_{1} \\y_{2}\end{bmatrix} = {{\begin{bmatrix}{- {\overset{\sim}{D}}_{1}^{*}} & {\overset{\sim}{D}}_{1}^{*} \\D_{1} & D_{2}\end{bmatrix}\begin{bmatrix}h_{1} \\h_{2}\end{bmatrix}} + \left\lbrack \begin{bmatrix}{\overset{\_}{z}}_{1} \\{\overset{\_}{z}}_{2}\end{bmatrix} \right\rbrack}} & (18)\end{matrix}$where the matrices D_(i) and {tilde over (D)}_(i) (for i=1, 2) areconvolution matrices for d₁ and {tilde over (d)}₁, respectively, ofdimension (N_(t)−L+1)×L. Recalling from equation (8) that MMSE isachieved if and only if D^(H)D has zeros off the diagonal; i.e.,

$\begin{matrix}{{{{- {\overset{\sim}{D}}_{1}^{T}}{\overset{\sim}{D}}_{2}^{*}} + {\left( D_{2}^{*} \right)^{T}D_{1}}} = 0} & (19) \\{and} & \; \\{{{{{- {\overset{\sim}{D}}_{2}^{T}}{\overset{\sim}{D}}_{1}^{*}} + {\left( D_{1}^{*} \right)^{T}D_{2}}} = 0},} & (20)\end{matrix}$and identity matrices on the diagonal; i.e.,

$\begin{matrix}{{{{\overset{\sim}{D}}_{2}^{T}{\overset{\sim}{D}}_{2}^{*}} + {\left( D_{1}^{*} \right)^{T}D_{1}}} = {2\left( {N_{t} - L + 1} \right)I_{L}}} & (21) \\{and} & \; \\{{{{\overset{\sim}{D}}_{1}^{T}{\overset{\sim}{D}}_{1}^{*}} + {\left( D_{2}^{*} \right)^{T}D_{2}}} = {2\left( {N_{t} - L + 1} \right){I_{L}.}}} & (22)\end{matrix}$

Various arrangements that interrelate sequences d₁ and d₂ can be foundthat meet the above requirement. By way of example (and not by way oflimitation), a number of simple choices satisfy these conditions follow.

(1) (D₁*)^(T)D₁=(N_(t)−L+1)I_(L), {tilde over (D)}₁=D₁, and D₂=D₁. Toshow that equation (21) holds, one may note that {tilde over (D)}₂^(T){tilde over (D)}₂* (the first term in the equation) becomes D₁^(T)D₁*, but if (D₁*)^(T)D₁ is a diagonal matrix then so is {tilde over(D)}₂ ^(T){tilde over (D)}₂*. Thus, according to this training sequenceembodiment, one needs to only identify a sequence d₁ that is symmetricabout its center, with an impulse-like autocorrelation function, and setd₂ equal to d₁. This is shown in FIG. 7.(2) (D₁*)^(T)D₁=(N_(t)−L+1)I_(L), and {tilde over (D)}₂=D₁. To show thatequation (21) holds, one may note that the {tilde over (D)}₂ ^(T){tildeover (D)}₂* first term in the equation also becomes D₁ ^(T)D₁*. Thus,according to this training sequence embodiment, one needs to onlyidentify a sequence d₁ with an impulse-like autocorrelation function,and set d₂ equal to {tilde over (d)}₁. This is shown in FIG. 8.(3) (D₁*)^(T)D₁=(N_(t)−L+1)I_(L), and {tilde over (D)}₂*=D₁. To showthat equation (21) holds, one may note that the {tilde over (D)}₂^(T){tilde over (D)}₂* first term in the equation becomes (D₁*)^(T)D₁.Thus, according to this training sequence embodiment, one needs to onlyidentify a sequence d₁ with an impulse-like autocorrelation function,and set d₂ equal to {tilde over (d)}₁*. This is shown in FIG. 9.Training Sequences Employing Trellis Coding

Consider a trellis code with m memory elements and outputs from aconstellation of size C, over a single channel with memory 2^(m)C^((L−1))−1. To perform joint equalization and decoding one needs aproduct trellis with 2 ^(m)C^((L−1)) states. For a space-time trelliscode with m memory elements, n transmit antennas and one receiveantenna, over a channel with memory (L−1), one needs a product trelliswith 2 ^(m)C^(n(L−1)).

The receiver can incorporate the space-time trellis code structure inthe channel model to create an equivalent single-input, single outputchannel, h_(eq), of length m+L. The trellis, in such a case, involvesC^((m+L−1)) states. The approach disclosed herein uses a single trainingsequence at the input of the space-time trellis encoder to directlyestimate h_(eq) used by the joint space-time equalizer/decoder. Thechannel h_(eq) that incorporates the space-time code structure typicallyhas a longer memory than the channel h₁ and h₂ (in a system where thereare two transmitting antennas and one receiving antenna).

To illustrate, assume an encoder 30 as depicted in FIG. 10 that employsan 8-PSK constellation of symbols to encode data from a trainingsequence generator into a sequence s of symbols taken from the sete^(i2πp) ^(k) ^(/8), p_(k)=0,1, 2, . . . , 7, where the trainingsequences s₁ and s₂ are algorithmically derived within encoder 30 fromsequence s. Specifically, assume that s₁(k)=s(k), and thats₂(k)=(−1)^(p) ^(k−1) s(k−1), which means that s₂(k)=s(k−1) when s(k−1)is an even member of the constellation (e^(i0), e^(iπ/2), e^(iπ), ande^(i3π/2)), and s₂(k)=−s(k−1) when s(k−1) is an odd member of theconstellation.

With such an arrangement, the received signal at time k can be expressedas

$\begin{matrix}{{{y(k)} = {{{\sum\limits_{i = 0}^{L - 1}\;{{h_{1}(i)}{s\left( {k - i} \right)}}} + {\sum\limits_{i = 0}^{L - 1}\;{{h_{2}\left( {i,k} \right)}\left( {- 1} \right)^{p_{k - i - 1}}{s\left( {k - i - 1} \right)}}} + {z(k)}} = {{\sum\limits_{i = 0}^{L - 1}{{h_{eq}(i)}{s\left( {k - i} \right)}}} + {z(k)}}}},} & (23) \\{where} & \; \\{{h_{eq}\left( {i,k} \right)} = \left\{ \begin{matrix}{h_{1}(0)} & {{{for}\mspace{14mu} i} = 0} \\{{h_{1}(i)} + {\left( {- 1} \right)^{p_{k - i}}{h_{2}\left( {i - 1} \right)}}} & {{{for}\mspace{14mu} 0} < i < L} \\{\left( {- 1} \right)^{p_{k - L}}{h_{2}\left( {L - 1} \right)}} & {{{for}\mspace{14mu} i} = {L.}}\end{matrix} \right.} & (24)\end{matrix}$A block of received signals (corresponding to the useful portion of thetraining sequence block) can be expressed in matrix form byy=Sh_(eq)+z   (25)where

$\begin{matrix}{S = {\begin{bmatrix}{s(L)} & {s\left( {L - 1} \right)} & \cdots & {s(0)} \\{s\left( {L + 1} \right)} & {s(L)} & \cdots & {s(1)} \\\vdots & \vdots & \; & \vdots \\{s\left( {N_{t} - 1} \right)} & {s\left( {N_{t} - 2} \right)} & \cdots & {s\left( {N_{t} - L - 1} \right)}\end{bmatrix}\begin{bmatrix}{h_{eq}\left( {0,L} \right)} \\{h_{eq}\left( {1,{L + 1}} \right)} \\\vdots \\{h_{eq}\left( {L,{N_{t} - 1}} \right)}\end{bmatrix}}} & (26)\end{matrix}$and following the principles disclosed above, it can be realized thatwhen the training sequence is properly selected so that S^(H)S is adiagonal matrix, i.e., S^(H)S=(N_(t)−L)I_(L+1), an estimate of h_(eq)that is, ĥ_(eq), is obtained from

$\begin{matrix}{{\hat{h}}_{eq} = {\frac{S^{H}y}{\left( {N_{t} - L} \right)}.}} & (27)\end{matrix}$If the training sequence were to comprise only the even constellationsymbols, e^(i2πk/8), k=0, 2, 4, 6, per equation (24), the elements of{tilde over (h)}_(eq) would correspond to

$\begin{matrix}{h_{eq}^{even} = {\left\lbrack {{h_{1}(0)},{{h_{1}(1)} + {h_{2}(0)}},{{h_{1}(2)} + {h_{2}(1)}},{{\ldots\mspace{14mu}{h_{1}\left( {L - 1} \right)}} + {h_{2}\left( {L - 2} \right)}},{h_{2}\left( {L - 1} \right)}} \right\rbrack.}} & (28)\end{matrix}$If the training sequence were to comprise only the odd constellationsymbols, e^(i2πk/8), k=1, 3, 5, 7, the elements of {tilde over (h)}_(eq)would correspond to

$\begin{matrix}{h_{eq}^{odd} = {\left\lbrack {{h_{1}(0)},{{h_{1}(1)} - {h_{2}(0)}},{{h_{1}(2)} - {h_{2}(1)}},{{\ldots\mspace{14mu}{h_{1}\left( {L - 1} \right)}} - {h_{2}\left( {L - 2} \right)}},{h_{2}\left( {L - 1} \right)}} \right\rbrack.}} & (29)\end{matrix}$If the training sequence were to comprise a segment of only evenconstellation symbols followed by only odd constellation symbols (orvice versa), then channel estimator 22 within receiver 20 can determinethe h_(eq) ^(even) coefficients from the segment that transmitted onlythe even constellation symbols, and can determine the h_(eq) ^(odd)coefficients from the segment that transmitted only the evenconstellation symbols. Once both h_(eq) ^(even) and h_(eq) ^(even) andh_(eq) ^(odd) are known, estimator 22 can obtain the coefficients of h₁from

$\begin{matrix}{\left\lbrack {{h_{1}(0)},{h_{1}(1)},{h_{1}(2)},{\ldots\mspace{14mu}{h_{1}\left( {L - 1} \right)}}} \right\rbrack = \frac{h_{eq}^{even} + h_{eq}^{odd}}{2}} & (30)\end{matrix}$and the coefficients of h₂ from

$\begin{matrix}{\left\lbrack {{h_{2}(0)},{h_{2}(1)},{h_{2}(2)},{\ldots\mspace{14mu}{h_{2}\left( {L - 1} \right)}}} \right\rbrack = {\frac{h_{eq}^{even} - h_{eq}^{odd}}{2}.}} & (31)\end{matrix}$What remains, then, is to create a single training sequence s of lengthN_(t) where one half of it (the s_(even) portion) consists of only evenconstellation symbols (even sub-constellation), and another half of it(the s_(odd) portion) consists of only odd constellation symbols (oddsub-constellation). The sequences s₁ and s₂ of length N_(t) are derivedfrom the sequence s by means of the 8-PSK space-time trellis encoder.The sequences s₁ and s₂ must also meet the requirements of equation (8).Once s_(even) is found, s_(odd) can simply bes_(odd)=αs_(even), where α=e^(iπk/4) for any k=1,3,5, 7.   (32)Therefore, the search for sequence s is reduced from a search in the of8^(N) ^(t) to a search for s_(even) in the space 4^((N) ^(t) ^(/2)) suchthat, when concatenated with s_(odd) that is computed from s_(even) asspecified in equation (32), yields a sequence s that has anautocorrelation function that is, or is close to being, impulse-like.

For a training sequence of length N_(t)=26, with an 8-PSK space-timetrellis encoder, we have identified the 12 training sequences specifiedin Table 1 below.

TABLE 1 sequence # α S_(e) 1 exp(i5π/4) −1 1 1 1 1 −1 −i −1 1 1 −1 1 1 2exp(i3π/4) 1 1 −1 1 i i 1 −i i −1 −1 −1 1 3 exp(iπ/4) 1 −1 −1 −i i −i 11 1 −i −1 1 1 4 exp(iπ/4) 1 −1 −1 −i 1 −1 1 −i −i −i −1 1 1 5 exp(iπ/4)1 i 1 1 i −1 −1 i 1 −1 1 i 1 6 exp(i3π/4) 1 i 1 i −1 −1 1 −1 −1 i 1 i 17 exp(i7π/4) 1 −i 1 1 −i −1 −1 −i 1 −1 1 −i 1 8 exp(i5π/4) 1 −i 1 −1 i 1−1 −i 1 1 1 −i 1 9 exp(i3π/4) −1 1 1 1 −1 −1 −i −1 −1 1 −1 1 1 10exp(i7π/4) −1 i −1 −i 1 −i i i 1 i 1−i 1 11 exp(iπ/4) −1 −i −1 i 1 i −i−i 1−i 1 i 1 12 exp(i3π/4) −1 −i −1 i −1 i −i −i −1 −i 1 i 1Construction of Training Sequence

While the above-disclosed materials provide a very significantimprovement over the prior art, there is still the requirement ofselecting a sequence s₁ with an impulse-like autocorrelation function.The following discloses one approach for identifying such a sequencewithout having to perform an exhaustive search.

A root-of-unity sequence with alphabet size N has complex roots of unityelements of the form

${\mathbb{e}}^{\frac{{\mathbb{i}2\pi}\; k}{N}},{k = 1},2,{\ldots\mspace{14mu}{\left( {N - 1} \right).}}$As indicated above, the prior art has shown that perfect roots-of-unitysequences (PRUS) can be found for any training sequence of length N_(t),as long as no constraint is imposed on the value of N. As also indicatedabove, however, it is considered disadvantageous to not limit N to apower of 2. Table 2 presents the number of PRUSs that were found toexist (through exhaustive search) for different sequence lengths whenthe N is restricted to 2 (BPSK), 4 (QPSK), or 8 (8-PSK). Cell entries inTable 2 with “-” indicate that sequence does not exist, and blank cellsindicate that an exhaustive search for a sequence was not performed.

TABLE 2 N_(t) = 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 BPSK — —  8 —— — — — — — — — — — — — — QPSK  8 —  32 — — — 128 — — — — — — — 6144 — —8-PSK 16 — 128 — — — 512 — — — — —

A sequence s of length N_(t) is called L-perfect if the correspondingtraining matrix S of dimension (N_(t)−L+1)×L satisfies equation (8).Thus, an L-perfect sequence of length N_(t) is optimal for a channelwith L taps. It can be shown that the length N_(t) of an L-perfectsequence from a 2^(p)-alphabet can only be equal to

$\begin{matrix}{{N_{t} = {{\begin{Bmatrix}{2\left( {L + i} \right)} & {{{for}\mspace{14mu} L} = {odd}} \\{{2\left( {L + i} \right)} - 1} & {{{for}\mspace{14mu} L} = {even}}\end{Bmatrix}{for}\mspace{14mu} i} = 0}},1,\ldots\mspace{14mu},} & (33)\end{matrix}$which is a necessary, but not sufficient, condition for L-perfectsequences of length N_(t). Table 3 shows the minimum necessary N_(t) forL=2, 3, . . . 10, the size of the corresponding matrix S, and theresults of an exhaustive search for L-perfect sequences (indicating thenumber of such sequences that were found). Cell entries marked “x”indicate that sequences exist, but number of such sequences it is notknown.

TABLE 3 L 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 N_(t)  3  6  7 10 11  14 15 18 19 S 2 × 2 4× 3 4 × 4 6 × 5 6 × 6 8 × 7 8 × 8 10 × 9 10 × 10 BPSK  4  8  8 — — — — —— QPSK 16  64  64 — — 128 x 8-PSK 64 512 512 x x

It is known that with a PRUS of a given length, N_(PRUS), one canestimate up to L=N_(PRUS) unknowns. It can be shown that a trainingsequence of length N_(t) is also an L-perfect training sequence ifN_(t)=kN_(PRUS)+L−1 and k≧1.   (34)Accordingly, an L-perfect sequence of length kN_(PRUS)+L−1 can beconstructed by selecting an N_(PRUS)sequence, repeating it k times, andcircularly extending it by L−1 symbols. Restated and amplified somewhat,for a selected PRUS of a given N_(PRUS), i.e.,

$\begin{matrix}{{{s_{p}\left( N_{PRUS} \right)} = \left\lbrack {{s_{p}(0)}{s_{p}(1)}\mspace{14mu}\ldots\mspace{14mu}{s_{p}\left( {N_{PRUS} - 1} \right)}} \right\rbrack},} & (35)\end{matrix}$the L-perfect sequence of length kN_(PRUS)+L−1 is created from aconcatenation of k s_(p)(N_(PRUS)) sequences followed by the first L−1symbols of s_(p)(N_(PRUS)), or from a concatenation of the last L−1symbols of s_(p)(N_(PRUS)) followed by k s_(p)(N_(PRUS)) sequences.

To illustrate, assume that the number of channel “taps” that need to beestimated, L, is 5, and that a QPSK alphabet is desired to be used. Fromthe above it is known that N_(PRUS) must be equal to or greater than 5,and from Table 2 it is known that the smallest N_(PRUS) that can befound for QSPK that is larger than 5 is N_(PRUS)=8. Employing equation(34) yields

$\begin{matrix}\begin{matrix}{N_{t} = {{kN}_{PRUS} + L - 1}} \\{= {{k \cdot 8} + 5 - 1}} \\{{= 12},20,28,\ldots}\end{matrix} & (36) \\{{{{for}\mspace{14mu} k} = 1},2,3,\ldots} & \;\end{matrix}$

While an L-perfect training sequence cannot be constructed from PRUSsequences for values of N_(t) other than values derived by operation ofequation (34), it is known that, nevertheless, L-perfect sequences mayexist. The only problem is that it may be prohibitively difficult tofind them. However, in accordance with the approach disclosed below,sub-optimal solutions are possible to create quite easily.

If it is given that the training sequence is N_(t) long, one can expressthis length byN_(t)=kN_(PRUS)+L−1+M, where M>0   (37)In accord with our approach, select a value of N_(PRUS)≧L that minimizesM, create a sequence of length kN_(PRUS)+L−1 as disclosed above, andthen extend that sequence by adding M symbols. The M added symbols canbe found by selecting, through an exhaustive search, the symbols thatlead to the lowest estimation MSE. Alternatively, select a value ofN_(PRUS)≧L that minimizes M′ in the equation,N_(t)=kN_(PRUS)+L−1−M′, where M′>0   (38)create a sequence of length kN_(PRUS)+L−1 as disclosed above, and thendrop the last (or first) M′ symbols.

The receiver shown in FIG. 2 includes the channel estimator 22, whichtakes the received signal and multiplies it S^(H) as appropriate; seeequation (12), above.

We claim:
 1. A space-time diversity transmitter that includes (a) ntransmitting antennas, where n is greater than one, (b) first encoderresponsive to an applied information bit stream, said encoder developingn symbol streams, and (c) a constellation mapper responsive to said nsymbol streams, for mapping symbols of each of said n symbol streamsinto a standard signal constellation to create a corresponding mappedstream, said constellation mapper applying each of the created n mappedstreams to a different one of said n antennas in blocks of N_(t) mappedsymbols that are synchronized in time to each other, the improvementcomprising: a training generator for generating either n sequences ofsignals or a sequence of signals that contains n subsequences of signal;a second encoder for creating n training symbol sequences from saidsignals created by said training generator, each containing N_(t)symbols, where N_(t) represents a training sequence length; and saidconstellation mapper is configured to map said n training symbolsequences onto a standard constellation to develop n mapped trainingsequences, and to apply the n mapped training sequences to said nantennas at times when said constellation mapper stops applying said nmapped stream to said n antennas; where said n training symbol sequenceshave an impulse-like autocorrelation function and zero crosscorrelation.
 2. The transmitter of claim 1 where said n training symbolsequences are selected to enable a receiver that receives said ntraining symbol sequences to determine characteristics of a mediumthrough which said n antennas communicate to said receiver.
 3. Thetransmitter of claim 2 where said n training sequences have a commonlength N_(t) that is related to transmitted symbols memory, L−1, of saidmedium, N_(t) being at least equal to 2L−1.
 4. The transmitter of claim1 where said constellation mapper employs a constellation taken from aset that includes binary phase shift keying (BPSK), quadrature phaseshift keying (QPSK), and 8-point phase shift keying (8-PSK).
 5. Thetransmitter of claim 1 where n=2, said generator creates a sequence scomposed of sequence d₁ followed by sequence d₂, and said second encodercreates a first training sequence that is −d₁ concatenated with {tildeover (d)}₂*, and a second sequence that is d₂ concatenated with d₁*where {tilde over (d)}₂* corresponds to the sequence d₂ with itselements in reverse order and converted to their respective complexconjugates, and the sequence d₁* corresponds to the sequence d₁ with itselements converted to their complex conjugate values.
 6. The transmitterof claim 5 where said sequence d₁ and said sequence d₂ contain N_(t)/2N_(t) symbols each, where N_(t) is related to number of channelparameters, L, that a receiver which seeks to receive signals from anantenna of said transmitter estimates.
 7. The transmitter of claim 1where n=2, said generator creates a sequence d, and said second encodercreates a first training sequence that is −d concatenated with {tildeover (d)}*, and a second sequence that is d concatenated with d*, wherethe sequence d* corresponds to the sequence d with its elementsconverted to their complex conjugate values and the sequence {tilde over(d)}* corresponds to the sequence d with its elements in reverse orderand converted to their respective complex conjugate values.
 8. Thetransmitter of claim 1 where n2 n=2, said generator creates a sequenced, and said second encoder creates a first training sequence that is −dconcatenated with {tilde over (d)}*, and a second sequence that is{tilde over (d)} concatenated with d*, where the sequence d* correspondsto the sequence d with its elements converted to their complex conjugatevalues and the sequence {tilde over (d)}* corresponds to the sequence dwith its elements in reverse order and converted to their respectivecomplex conjugate values.
 9. The transmitter of claim 1 where n=2, saidgenerator creates a sequence d, and said second encoder creates a firsttraining sequence that is −d concatenated with d, and a second sequencethat is {tilde over (d)}* concatenated with d*, where the sequence d*corresponds to the sequence d with its elements converted to theircomplex conjugate values and the sequence {tilde over (d)}* correspondsto the sequence d with its elements in reverse order and converted totheir respective complex conjugate values.
 10. The transmitter of claim1 where said first encoder and said second encoder embodied in a singlemodule that creates either said n symbol streams or said n trainingsymbol sequences.
 11. The transmitter of claim 1 where said secondencoder is a trellis encoder.
 12. The transmitter of claim 11 where (a)said n training sequences are selected to enable a receiver thatreceives said n training sequences to determine characteristics of atransmission medium between said transmitter and said receiver, and (b)said generator develops said symbols sequence to comprise N_(t)+(n−2)L+msymbols long, where L is the number of channel parameters that describea channel within said transmission medium from one of said n transmitterantennas to a receiving antenna of said receiver, m is number of symbolsstored in a memory of said trellis encoder, and N_(t) is not less than2L−1.
 13. The transmitter of claim 11 where said training sequencemapper employs symbols from a set composed of elements e^(i2πp) ^(k)^(/)8, p_(k)=0,1,2, . . . ,
 7. 14. The transmitter of claim 13 wheresaid generator develops a symbols sequence s(k), and said second encoderdevelops a first sequence s₁ (k)=s(k), and a second sequences₂(k)=(−1)^(p) ^(k−1) s(k−1).
 15. The transmitter of claim 14 where saidsequence s(k) is composed of a first segment, s_(even), that comprisessymbols from a set composed of e^(i2πp) ^(k) ^(/8), p_(k)=0, 2, 4, 6,and a second segment, s_(odd), where s_(odd)=αs_(even), and α=e^(iπk/4)for any k=1, 3, 5,
 7. 16. The transmitter of claim 15 where saids_(even), and a corresponding α are any one of the following: S_(even) α−1 1 1 1 1 −1 −I −1 1 1 −1 1 1 exp(i5π/4) 1 1 −1 1 I I 1 −I I −1 −1 −1 1exp(i3π/4) 1 −1 −1 −I I −I 1 1 1 −I −1 1 1 exp(iπ/4) 1 −1 −1 −I 1 −1 1−I −I − I −1 1 1 exp(iπ/4) 1 I 1 1 I −1 −1 I 1 −1 1 I 1 exp(iπ/4) 1 I 1I −1 −1 1 −1 −1 I 1 I 1 exp(i3π/4) 1 −I 1 1 −I −1 −1 −I 1 −1 1 −I 1exp(i7π/4) 1 −I 1 −1 I 1 −1 −I 1 1 1 −I 1 exp(i5π/4) −1 1 1 1 −1 −1 −I−1 −1 1 −1 1 1 exp(i3π/4) −1 I −1 −I 1 −I I I 1 I 1 −I 1 exp(i7π/4) −1−I −1 I 1 I −I −I 1 −I 1 I 1 exp(iπ/4) −1 −I −1 I −1 I −I −I −1 −I 1 I 1exp(i3π/4).


17. A space-time diversity transmitter that includes (a) n transmittingantennas, where n is greater than one, (b) first encoder responsive toan applied information bit stream, said encoder developing n symbolstreams, and (c) a constellation mapper responsive to said n symbolstreams, for mapping symbols of each of said n symbol streams into astandard signal constellation to create a corresponding mapped stream,said constellation mapper applying each of the created n mapped streamsto a different one of said n antennas in blocks of N_(t) mapped symbolsthat are synchronized in time to each other, the improvement comprising:a training generator for generating either n sequences of signals or asequence of signals that contains n subsequences of signal; a secondencoder for creating n training symbol sequences from said signalscreated by said training generator, each containing N_(t) symbols, whereN_(t) represents a training sequence length; and said constellationmapper is configured to map said n training sequences onto a standardconstellation to develop n mapped training sequences, and to apply the nmapped training sequences to said n antennas at times when saidconstellation mapper stops applying said n mapped stream to said nantennas; where said n training sequences have an impulse-likeautocorrelation function and zero cross correlation, and where n2 n=2,said generator creates a sequence s, and said second encoder creates afirst training sequence that is equal to −s concatenated with s, and asecond training sequence that is equal to s concatenated with s.
 18. Thetransmitter of claim 17 where said sequence s contains N_(t)/2 symbols,where N_(t) is related to number of channel parameters, L, that areceiver which seeks to receive signals from an antenna of saidtransmitter estimates.